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Marcel François Marie Joseph Lefebvre (29 November 1905 – 25 March 1991) was a French Roman Catholic archbishop. Following a career as an Apostolic Delegate for West Africa and Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers, he took the lead in opposing certain changes within the Church associated with the Second Vatican Council. In 1970, Lefebvre founded the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX). In 1988, against the expressed prohibition of Pope John Paul II, he consecrated four bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. The Holy See immediately declared that he and the other bishops who had participated in the ceremony had incurred automatic excommunication under Catholic canon law. In 2009, 18 years after Lefebvre's death, Pope Benedict XVI lifted the excommunication of the four surviving bishops at their request but not to Lefebvre, therefore his excommunication remains until today.〔See Ecône consecrations#Lifting of excommunications〕 == Early life and ministry == Marcel Lefebvre was born in Tourcoing, Nord. He was the second son and third child of eight children〔. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. February 2002.〕 of textile factory-owner René Lefebvre〔''René Lefebvre, a factory owner'' (The ghost at all our tables ), Oriens, Summer 2005〕 and Gabrielle, born Watine, who died in 1938.〔 Marcel's father René died at age 62 in 1944 in the German concentration camp at Sonnenburg (in East Brandenburg, Germany), where he had been imprisoned by the Gestapo because of his work for the French Resistance and British Intelligence. His parents were devout Catholics who brought their children to daily Mass.〔 His father was an outspoken monarchist〔〔''A convinced monarchist, he devoted himself during the whole of his life to the cause of the French Dynasty, seeing in a royal government the only way of restoring to his country its past grandeur and a Christian revival.'' (A Calvary 1941–1944 René Lefebvre Part 1 ), June 1984, Volume VII, Number 6, The Angelus〕 who ran a spy-ring for British Intelligence when Tourcoing was occupied by the Germans during World War I.〔Jeanette M. Pryor & J. Christopher Pryor, ("René Lefebvre and the Holocaust" ), ''Le Floch Report'', 19 March 2006. 〕 In 1923 Lefebvre began studies for the priesthood; at the insistence of his father he went to the French Seminary in Rome.〔''In 1923 Marcel followed his brother to the French Seminary in Rome , taking his father’s advice (or rather, obeying his father’s command) to avoid the diocesan seminaries, which he suspected of liberal leanings.'' (The ghost at all our tables ), Oriens journal〕 He would later credit his conservative views to the rector, a Breton priest named Father Henri Le Floch.〔"Archbishop Lefebvre readily admitted that were it not for the solid formation he received from Fr. Le Floch, he too might have succumbed to the creeping liberalism of the age." John Vennari (August 2005) , ''The Angelus''.〕 His studies were interrupted in 1926 and 1927 when he did his military service.〔. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. April 2002.〕 On 25 May 1929 he was ordained deacon by Cardinal Basilio Pompilj in the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. On 21 September 1929 he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop (soon to be Cardinal) Achille Liénart in Lille,〔''Ordained priest at Lille, France, by Msgr Achille Liénart, Bishop of Lille, on 21 September 1929'' . Society of Saint Pius X, District of Great Britain〕 the diocese in which he was incardinated.〔: ''"His Grace, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was ordained to the priesthood on 21 September 1929, and consecrated a bishop on 18 September 1947, by Achille Cardinal Lienart, Bishop of Archbishop Lefebvre’s Diocese of Lille (France)."''〕 After ordination, he continued his studies in Rome, completing a doctorate in theology in July 1930.〔''Seminary training: 1923–29 in the French Seminary, Rome, Doctor in philosophy and in theology.'' (I – Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre )〕 In August 1930 Cardinal Liénart assigned Lefebvre to be assistant curate in a parish in Lomme, a suburb of Lille. Even before this, Lefebvre had already asked to be released for missionary duties as a member of the Holy Ghost Fathers. But the cardinal insisted that he consider this for a year while he engaged in parish work in the Diocese of Lille. In July 1931 Liénart released Lefebvre from the diocese. In September Lefebvre entered the novitiate of the Holy Ghost Fathers at Orly.〔 A year later, on 8 September 1932, he took simple vows for a period of three years.〔. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. June/July 2002〕 Lefebvre's first assignment as a Holy Ghost Father was as a professor at St. John's Seminary in Libreville, Gabon.〔''He entered the Holy Ghost Fathers in 1930 and was assigned to the Seminary of St. Mary at Libreville (Gabon) from 1932 to 1945. ''(Some Memories of Archbishop Lefebvre's childhood ), The Angelus, November 1980, Volume III, Number 11, Sister Marie Christiane Lefebvre 〕 In 1934 he was made rector of the seminary. On 28 September 1935 he made his perpetual vows. He served as superior of a number of missions of the Holy Ghost Fathers in Gabon.〔St. Michel de Ndjolé (May 1938 – August 1939), Ste. Marie de Libreville (December 1939 – August 1940), St. Paul de Donguila (August 1940 – April 1943), and finally St. François Xavier de Lambaréné (April 1943 – October 1945)〕 In October 1945 Lefebvre was ordered by the superior general to return to France and take up new duties as rector of the Holy Ghost Fathers seminary in Mortain.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marcel Lefebvre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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